Recomendaciones para el manejo de la Vía Aérea Difícil. 2ª Parte. La Vía Aérea Anticipada
Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, Drolet P, Duggan LV, Griesdale DE, Hung OR, Jones PM, Kovacs G, Massey S, Morris IR, Mullen T, Murphy MF, Preston R, Naik VN, Scott J, Stacey S, Turkstra TP, Wong DT; Canadian Airway Focus Group. The difficult airway with recommendations for management--part 1--difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient. Can J Anaesth. 2013 Nov;60(11):1089-118. doi: 10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30445/rear.v6i4.222Keywords:
dificultad intubación, oxigenación, guía, vía aérea difícil prevista, vadAbstract
La adopción de un plan cuando se sospecha una Vía Aérea Difícil (VAD) es fundamental para evitar la morbi-mortalidad, y cuando se planifica el abordaje de la VAD lo primero que tenemos que tener en cuenta es si podremos oxigenar y ventilar al paciente, y no sólo intubarle, además del posible acceso quirúrgico de la vía aérea1. Está comúnmente aceptado la importancia de la evaluación de la vía aérea para predecir la dificultad en su manejo, y muchas de las Guías desarrolladas por las distintas sociedades se han enfocado en el manejo de la VAD Inesperada encontrada cuando el paciente ya está inducido. Sin embargo, hay pocas que analicen cuál es el mejor manejo en aquellos pacientes en los que existe la sospecha de VAD2-7. Aunque tradicionalmente se han establecido Predictores de Dificultad para la Laringoscopia Directa, en los últimos años están apareciendo Predictores de Dificultad para la Ventilación con Mascarilla Facial, para la intubación con Videolaringoscopios, para el uso de Dispositivos Supraglóticos y para la realización de Cricotirotomía. Todos dentro de una evaluación completa de la vía aérea, y por ello deben tenerse presentes cuando se prevea un manejo difícil de la misma.
References
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2.- Crosby ET, Cooper RM, Douglas MJ, et al. The unanticipated difficult airway with recommendations for management. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:757–776.
3.- Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC, Difficult Airway Society Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation.Anaesthesia. 2004;59:675–694.
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5.- Petrini F, Accorsi A, Adrario E, et al. Recommendations for airway control and difficult airway management. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005;71:617–657.
6.- Boisson-Bertrand D, Bourgain JL, Camboulives J, et al. Difficult intubation. French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care. A collective expertise (French) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1996;15:207–214.
7.- Braun U, Goldmann K, Hempel V, Krier C. Airway management. Guidelines of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. Anaesth Intensivmed 2004; 45: 302-06.
8.- Khan ZH, Kashfi A, Ebrahimkhani E. A comparison of the upper lip bite test (a simple new technique) with modified Mallampati classification in predicting difficulty in endotracheal intubation: a prospective blinded study. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:595–599.
9.- Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, et al. A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1985;32:429–434.
10.- Samsoon GL, Young JR. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study.Anaesthesia. 1987;42:487–490.
11.- el-Ganzouri AR, McCarthy RJ, Tuman KJ, Tanck EN, Ivankovich AD. Preoperative airway assessment: predictive value of a multivariate risk index. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 1197-204.
12.- Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ, Brock-Utne JG, Vierra M, Saidman LJ. Morbid obesity and tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:732–736.
13.- Tremblay MH, Williams S, Robitaille A, Drolet P. Poor visualization during direct laryngoscopy and high upper lip bite test score are predictors of difficult intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1495–1500.
14.- Aziz MF, Healy D, Kheterpal S, Fu RF, Dillman D, Brambrink AM. Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions.Anesthesiology. 2011;114:34–41.
15.- Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, et al. Clinical trial of a new lightwand device (Trachlight) to intubate the trachea. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:509–514.
16.- Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, Murphy M, Stewart RD. Lightwand intubation: II—Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways. Can J Anaesth. 1995;42:826–830.
17.- Kheterpal S, Han R, Tremper KK, et al. Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:885–891.
18.- Kheterpal S, Martin L, Shanks AM, Tremper KK. Prediction and outcomes of impossible mask ventilation: a review of 50,000 anesthetics. Anesthesiology.2009;110:891–897.
19.- Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, et al. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation.Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1229–1236.
20.- Yildiz TS, Solak M, Toker K. The incidence and risk factors of difficult mask ventilation. J Anesth. 2005;19:7–11.
21.- Gautam P, Gaul TK, Luthra N. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22:638–640.
22.- Langeron O, Semjen F, Bourgain JL, Marsac A, Cros AM. Comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway with the fiberoptic intubation in anticipated difficult airway management. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:968–972.
23.- Asai T, Hirose T, Shingu K. Failed tracheal intubation using a laryngoscope and intubating laryngeal mask. Can J Anesth. 2000;47:325–328.
24.- LiCW, Xue FS, Xu YC, et al. Cricoid pressure impedes insertion of, and ventilation through, the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in anesthetized, paralyzed patients. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 1195-8.
25.- RamachandranSK, Mathis MR, Tremper KK, Shanks AM,Kheterpal S. Predictors and clinical outcomes from failed Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique TM: a study of 15,795 patients. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1217-26.
26.- Aslani A, Ng SC, Hurley M, McCarthy KF, McNicholas M, McCaul CL. Accuracy of identification of the cricothyroid membrane in female subjects using palpation: an observational study. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:987–992.
27.- La Evaluación de la calidad de la Evidencia mediante la Graduación de la Fuerza de las Recomendaciones. Sistema GRADE. Guía Fisterra
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29.- Croskerry P. Cognitive forcing strategies in clinical decision making. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 110-20.
30.- Hung O, Murphy M. Context-sensitive airway management. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 982-3.
31.- Cook T. Supraglottic airway devices. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C, editors. 4thNational Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The Royal College of Anaesthetists; 2011. pp. 86–95.
32.- Ricard JD. High flow nasal oxygen in acute respiratory failure. Minerva Anestesiol.2012;78:836–841.
33.- Williams TA, Finn J, Perkins GD, Jacobs IG. Prehospital continuous positive airway pressure for acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17:261–273.
34 .- Peterson GN, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL, Lee LA, Cheney FW. Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology.2005;103:33–39.
35.- Dexmedetomidina, un fármaco prometedor… pero, ¿qué sabemos de él?
36.- Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, et al.; for the Canadian Airway Focus Group. The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 1 – Difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient. Can J Anesth 2013; 60: this issue. DOI:10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3.
37.- Pandit JJ, Duncan T, Robbins PA. Total oxygen uptake with two maximal breathing techniques and the tidal volume breathing technique: a physiologic study of preoxygenation. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:841–846.
38.- Tanoubi I, Drolet P, Donati F. Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Can J Anesth.2009;56:449–466.
39.- Baraka AS, Taha SK, Siddik-Sayyid SM, et al. Supplementation of pre-oxygenation in morbidly obese patients using nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation. Anaesthesia.2007;62:769–773.
40.- RamachandranSK, Cosnowski A, Shanks A, Turner CR. Apneic oxygenation during prolonged laryngoscopy in obese patients: a randomized, controlled trial of nasal oxygen administration. J Clin Anesth. 2010;22:164–168.
41.- Hillman DR, Platt PR, Eastwood PR. The upper airway during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:31–39.
42.- Hillman DR, Walsh JH, Maddison KJ, et al. Evolution of changes in upper airway collapsibility during slow induction of anesthesia with propofol. Anesthesiology.2009;111:63–71.
43.- Walsh JH, Maddison KJ, Platt PR, Hillman DR, Eastwood PR. Influence of head extension, flexion, and rotation on collapsibility of the passive upper airway. Sleep.2008;31:1440–1447.
44.- Mason RA, Fielder CP. The obstructed airway in head and neck surgery. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 625-8.
45.- Xue FS, Liao X, Wang Q, Yuan YJ, Xiong J, Liu JH.Is it unnecessary to confirm successful facemask ventilation before administration of a neuromuscular blocking agent? Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 519-20; author reply 520.
46.- Pandit JJ. Checking the ability to mask ventilate before administering long-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 520-2; author reply 523-4.
47.- Calder I, Yentis SM. Could ‘safe practice’ be compromising safe practice? Should anaesthetists have to demonstrate that face mask ventilation is possible before giving a neuromuscular blocker? Anaesthesia. 2008;63:113–115.
48.- Amathieu R, Combes X, Abdi W, et al. An algorithm for difficult airway management, modified for modern optical devices (Airtraq laryngoscope; LMA CTrach™): a 2-year prospective validation in patients for elective abdominal, gynecologic, and thyroid surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:25–33.
49.- Goodwin MW, Pandit JJ, Hames K, Popat M, Yentis SM. The effect of neuromuscular blockade on the efficiency of mask ventilation of the lungs.Anaesthesia. 2003;58:60–63.
50.- Warters RD, Szabo TA, Spinale FG, DeSantis SM, Reves JG. The effect of neuromuscular blockade on mask ventilation. Anaesthesia. 2011;66:163–167.
51.- Kyle BC, Gaylard D, Riley RH. A persistent ‘can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate’ crisis despite rocuronium reversal with sugammadex. Anaesth Intensive Care.2012;40:344–346.
52.- Curtis R, Lomax S, Patel B. Use of sugammadex in a ‘can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’ situation. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108:612–614.
53.- Smith KJ, Dobranowski J, Yip G, Dauphin A, Choi PT. Cricoid pressure displaces the esophagus: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:60–64.
54.- Palmer JH, Ball DR. The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:263–268.
55.- Cook T, Frerk C. Aspiration of gastric contents and blood. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C (Eds). 4thNational Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The Royal College of Anaesthetists 2011: 155-64.
56.- Ovassapian A, Salem MR. Sellick’s maneuver: to do or not do. Anesth Analg.2009;109:1360–1362.
57.- Patel A, Pearce A, Pracy P. Head and neck pathology. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C (Eds). 4th National Audit Project of the RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists;2011: 143-54.
58.- Woodall N, Rangasami J. Obesity. In: Cook T, Woodall N,Frerk C (Eds). 4th National Audit Project of the RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the UnitedKingdom. London: The RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists; 2011:165-73.
59.- Cullen A, Ferguson A. Perioperative management of the severely obese patient: a selective pathophysiological review. Can J Anesth. 2012;59:974–996.
60.- McDonnell NJ, Paech MJ, Clavisi OM, Scott KL, ANZCA Trials Group Difficult and failed intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: an observational study of airway management and complications associated with general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2008;17:292–297.
61.- Mort TC. Continuous airway access for the difficult extubation: the efficacy of the airway exchange catheter. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1357–1362.
62.- Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C. 4th National Audit Project of theRoyal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists; 2011.
63.- Pandit JJ, Popat MT, Cook TM, Wilkes AR, Groom P, Cooke H, Kapila A, O'Sullivan E. The Difficult Airway Society 'ADEPT' guidance on selecting airway devices: the basis of a strategy for equipment evaluation. Anaesthesia. 2011 Aug;66(8):726-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06787.x. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
2.- Crosby ET, Cooper RM, Douglas MJ, et al. The unanticipated difficult airway with recommendations for management. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:757–776.
3.- Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC, Difficult Airway Society Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation.Anaesthesia. 2004;59:675–694.
4.- Apfelbaum JL, HagbergCA, Caplan RA, et al. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:251–270.
5.- Petrini F, Accorsi A, Adrario E, et al. Recommendations for airway control and difficult airway management. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005;71:617–657.
6.- Boisson-Bertrand D, Bourgain JL, Camboulives J, et al. Difficult intubation. French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care. A collective expertise (French) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1996;15:207–214.
7.- Braun U, Goldmann K, Hempel V, Krier C. Airway management. Guidelines of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. Anaesth Intensivmed 2004; 45: 302-06.
8.- Khan ZH, Kashfi A, Ebrahimkhani E. A comparison of the upper lip bite test (a simple new technique) with modified Mallampati classification in predicting difficulty in endotracheal intubation: a prospective blinded study. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:595–599.
9.- Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, et al. A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1985;32:429–434.
10.- Samsoon GL, Young JR. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study.Anaesthesia. 1987;42:487–490.
11.- el-Ganzouri AR, McCarthy RJ, Tuman KJ, Tanck EN, Ivankovich AD. Preoperative airway assessment: predictive value of a multivariate risk index. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 1197-204.
12.- Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ, Brock-Utne JG, Vierra M, Saidman LJ. Morbid obesity and tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:732–736.
13.- Tremblay MH, Williams S, Robitaille A, Drolet P. Poor visualization during direct laryngoscopy and high upper lip bite test score are predictors of difficult intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1495–1500.
14.- Aziz MF, Healy D, Kheterpal S, Fu RF, Dillman D, Brambrink AM. Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions.Anesthesiology. 2011;114:34–41.
15.- Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, et al. Clinical trial of a new lightwand device (Trachlight) to intubate the trachea. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:509–514.
16.- Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, Murphy M, Stewart RD. Lightwand intubation: II—Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways. Can J Anaesth. 1995;42:826–830.
17.- Kheterpal S, Han R, Tremper KK, et al. Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:885–891.
18.- Kheterpal S, Martin L, Shanks AM, Tremper KK. Prediction and outcomes of impossible mask ventilation: a review of 50,000 anesthetics. Anesthesiology.2009;110:891–897.
19.- Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, et al. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation.Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1229–1236.
20.- Yildiz TS, Solak M, Toker K. The incidence and risk factors of difficult mask ventilation. J Anesth. 2005;19:7–11.
21.- Gautam P, Gaul TK, Luthra N. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22:638–640.
22.- Langeron O, Semjen F, Bourgain JL, Marsac A, Cros AM. Comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway with the fiberoptic intubation in anticipated difficult airway management. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:968–972.
23.- Asai T, Hirose T, Shingu K. Failed tracheal intubation using a laryngoscope and intubating laryngeal mask. Can J Anesth. 2000;47:325–328.
24.- LiCW, Xue FS, Xu YC, et al. Cricoid pressure impedes insertion of, and ventilation through, the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in anesthetized, paralyzed patients. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 1195-8.
25.- RamachandranSK, Mathis MR, Tremper KK, Shanks AM,Kheterpal S. Predictors and clinical outcomes from failed Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique TM: a study of 15,795 patients. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1217-26.
26.- Aslani A, Ng SC, Hurley M, McCarthy KF, McNicholas M, McCaul CL. Accuracy of identification of the cricothyroid membrane in female subjects using palpation: an observational study. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:987–992.
27.- La Evaluación de la calidad de la Evidencia mediante la Graduación de la Fuerza de las Recomendaciones. Sistema GRADE. Guía Fisterra
28.- Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians Task Force. Chest 2006; 129: 174-81.
29.- Croskerry P. Cognitive forcing strategies in clinical decision making. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 110-20.
30.- Hung O, Murphy M. Context-sensitive airway management. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 982-3.
31.- Cook T. Supraglottic airway devices. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C, editors. 4thNational Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The Royal College of Anaesthetists; 2011. pp. 86–95.
32.- Ricard JD. High flow nasal oxygen in acute respiratory failure. Minerva Anestesiol.2012;78:836–841.
33.- Williams TA, Finn J, Perkins GD, Jacobs IG. Prehospital continuous positive airway pressure for acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17:261–273.
34 .- Peterson GN, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL, Lee LA, Cheney FW. Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology.2005;103:33–39.
35.- Dexmedetomidina, un fármaco prometedor… pero, ¿qué sabemos de él?
36.- Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, et al.; for the Canadian Airway Focus Group. The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 1 – Difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient. Can J Anesth 2013; 60: this issue. DOI:10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3.
37.- Pandit JJ, Duncan T, Robbins PA. Total oxygen uptake with two maximal breathing techniques and the tidal volume breathing technique: a physiologic study of preoxygenation. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:841–846.
38.- Tanoubi I, Drolet P, Donati F. Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Can J Anesth.2009;56:449–466.
39.- Baraka AS, Taha SK, Siddik-Sayyid SM, et al. Supplementation of pre-oxygenation in morbidly obese patients using nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation. Anaesthesia.2007;62:769–773.
40.- RamachandranSK, Cosnowski A, Shanks A, Turner CR. Apneic oxygenation during prolonged laryngoscopy in obese patients: a randomized, controlled trial of nasal oxygen administration. J Clin Anesth. 2010;22:164–168.
41.- Hillman DR, Platt PR, Eastwood PR. The upper airway during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:31–39.
42.- Hillman DR, Walsh JH, Maddison KJ, et al. Evolution of changes in upper airway collapsibility during slow induction of anesthesia with propofol. Anesthesiology.2009;111:63–71.
43.- Walsh JH, Maddison KJ, Platt PR, Hillman DR, Eastwood PR. Influence of head extension, flexion, and rotation on collapsibility of the passive upper airway. Sleep.2008;31:1440–1447.
44.- Mason RA, Fielder CP. The obstructed airway in head and neck surgery. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 625-8.
45.- Xue FS, Liao X, Wang Q, Yuan YJ, Xiong J, Liu JH.Is it unnecessary to confirm successful facemask ventilation before administration of a neuromuscular blocking agent? Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 519-20; author reply 520.
46.- Pandit JJ. Checking the ability to mask ventilate before administering long-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 520-2; author reply 523-4.
47.- Calder I, Yentis SM. Could ‘safe practice’ be compromising safe practice? Should anaesthetists have to demonstrate that face mask ventilation is possible before giving a neuromuscular blocker? Anaesthesia. 2008;63:113–115.
48.- Amathieu R, Combes X, Abdi W, et al. An algorithm for difficult airway management, modified for modern optical devices (Airtraq laryngoscope; LMA CTrach™): a 2-year prospective validation in patients for elective abdominal, gynecologic, and thyroid surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:25–33.
49.- Goodwin MW, Pandit JJ, Hames K, Popat M, Yentis SM. The effect of neuromuscular blockade on the efficiency of mask ventilation of the lungs.Anaesthesia. 2003;58:60–63.
50.- Warters RD, Szabo TA, Spinale FG, DeSantis SM, Reves JG. The effect of neuromuscular blockade on mask ventilation. Anaesthesia. 2011;66:163–167.
51.- Kyle BC, Gaylard D, Riley RH. A persistent ‘can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate’ crisis despite rocuronium reversal with sugammadex. Anaesth Intensive Care.2012;40:344–346.
52.- Curtis R, Lomax S, Patel B. Use of sugammadex in a ‘can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’ situation. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108:612–614.
53.- Smith KJ, Dobranowski J, Yip G, Dauphin A, Choi PT. Cricoid pressure displaces the esophagus: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:60–64.
54.- Palmer JH, Ball DR. The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:263–268.
55.- Cook T, Frerk C. Aspiration of gastric contents and blood. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C (Eds). 4thNational Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The Royal College of Anaesthetists 2011: 155-64.
56.- Ovassapian A, Salem MR. Sellick’s maneuver: to do or not do. Anesth Analg.2009;109:1360–1362.
57.- Patel A, Pearce A, Pracy P. Head and neck pathology. In: Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C (Eds). 4th National Audit Project of the RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists;2011: 143-54.
58.- Woodall N, Rangasami J. Obesity. In: Cook T, Woodall N,Frerk C (Eds). 4th National Audit Project of the RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the UnitedKingdom. London: The RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists; 2011:165-73.
59.- Cullen A, Ferguson A. Perioperative management of the severely obese patient: a selective pathophysiological review. Can J Anesth. 2012;59:974–996.
60.- McDonnell NJ, Paech MJ, Clavisi OM, Scott KL, ANZCA Trials Group Difficult and failed intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: an observational study of airway management and complications associated with general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2008;17:292–297.
61.- Mort TC. Continuous airway access for the difficult extubation: the efficacy of the airway exchange catheter. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1357–1362.
62.- Cook T, Woodall N, Frerk C. 4th National Audit Project of theRoyal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Major Complications of Airway Management in the United Kingdom. London: The RoyalCollege of Anaesthetists; 2011.
63.- Pandit JJ, Popat MT, Cook TM, Wilkes AR, Groom P, Cooke H, Kapila A, O'Sullivan E. The Difficult Airway Society 'ADEPT' guidance on selecting airway devices: the basis of a strategy for equipment evaluation. Anaesthesia. 2011 Aug;66(8):726-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06787.x. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
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How to Cite
Martínez Hurtado, E., & Sánchez Merchante, M. Recomendaciones para el manejo de la Vía Aérea Difícil. 2ª Parte. La Vía Aérea Anticipada: Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, Drolet P, Duggan LV, Griesdale DE, Hung OR, Jones PM, Kovacs G, Massey S, Morris IR, Mullen T, Murphy MF, Preston R, Naik VN, Scott J, Stacey S, Turkstra TP, Wong DT; Canadian Airway Focus Group. The difficult airway with recommendations for management--part 1--difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient. Can J Anaesth. 2013 Nov;60(11):1089-118. doi: 10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3. Epub 2013 Oct 17. Revista Electrónica AnestesiaR, 6(4), 3. https://doi.org/10.30445/rear.v6i4.222
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Revista Electrónica AnestesiaR by 